machu picchu erbaut

Jahrhundert von den Inka erbaut und später verlassen, als spanischen Eroberer näher rückten. The section of the mountain where Machu Picchu was built provided various challenges that the Incas solved with local materials. Entrance was limited to 2,500 visitors per day, and entrance to Huayna Picchu (within the citadel) was further restricted to 400 visitors per day. The temples are in the upper town, the warehouses in the lower. The Inca believed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. Because of the large amount of rainfall at Machu Picchu, it was found that irrigation was not needed for the terraces. [84] The tougher entrance rules attempted to reduce the effects of tourism. [72] UNESCO is considering putting Machu Picchu on its List of World Heritage in Danger. [15] Thus the name of the site is sometimes interpreted as "old mountain". Amazingly, no wheels were used to transport heavy rocks for the construction of the city. He then crossed a pass and into the Pampaconas Valley where he found more ruins heavily buried in the jungle undergrowth at Espíritu Pampa, which he named "Trombone Pampa". It began earlier in the month and concluded on the December solstice. [26], It is estimated that the area around the site has received more than 1,800 mm (71 in) of rain per year since AD 1450, which was more than needed to support crop growth there. [91], The opening sequence of the film Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) was shot in the Machu Picchu area and on the stone stairway of Huayna Picchu. [26] On top of the gravel was a layer of mixed sand and gravel packed together, with rich topsoil covering all of that. [63] Multiple canals and reserves throughout the city provided water that could be supplied to the terraces for irrigation and to prevent erosion and flooding. more, Machu Picchu Tourism: Best of Machu Picchu. [45] As such, it had a milder climate than the Inca capital. Inti Mach'ay is a special cave used to observe the Royal Feast of the Sun. [47] Two high-altitude routes from Machu Picchu cross the mountains back to Cusco, one through the Sun Gate, and the other across the Inca bridge. Though the estate belonged to Pachacutec, religious specialists and temporary specialized workers (mayocs) lived there as well, most likely for the ruler's well-being and enjoyment. Instead, there was bone damage from various species of water parasites indigenous to different areas of Peru. Seit 1983 ist Machu Picchu UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe und wurde zudem zu einem der „neuen sieben Weltwunder“ gewählt. Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls. The temple also has two trapezoidal windows, one facing 65°, called the "Solstice Window", and the other facing 132°, called the "Qullqa Window". [13] In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide internet poll. Thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year. In 1964, Gene Savoy further explored the ruins at Espiritu Pampa and revealed the full extent of the site, identifying it as Vilcabamba Viejo, where the Incas fled after the Spanish drove them from Vitcos. Es ist das Ziel von fast allen Peru Reisen: Machu Picchu! In der oberen Stadthälfte befanden sich vorwiegend die Verwaltungsgebäude und kultische E… The expedition undertook a four-month clearing of the site with local labour, which was expedited with the support of the Prefect of Cuzco. Das Stadtkern ist noch nahezu unverändert. [20]:xxx–xxxi[non-primary source needed], In 1981, Peru declared an area of 325.92 square kilometres (125.84 sq mi) surrounding Machu Picchu a "historic sanctuary". Jahrhundert von den Inkas erbaut worden und nach Wikipedia ist es das einzig verbliebene Beispiel für die Stadtplanung aus der Inka-Zeit. Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel, located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru, on a 2,430-metre (7,970 ft) mountain ridge. In the 1970s, Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the Titicaca or Chivay obsidian source, and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long-distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru. Machu Picchu ist nicht nur die beliebteste Touristenattraktion Perus, sondern ganz Südamerikas. [51], In 2005 and 2009, the University of Arkansas made detailed laser scans of the entire site and of the ruins at the top of the adjacent Huayna Picchu mountain. It has a water supply from springs that cannot be blocked easily. Eine auf Deutsch geführte Besichtigung der Ruinen von Machu Picchu gilt als Höhepunkte der Peru Reise. It's no wonder Machu Picchu is Peru's most-visited site. [23], Even though Machu Picchu was located only about 80 kilometers (50 mi) from the Inca capital in Cusco, the Spanish never found it and so did not plunder or destroy it, as they did many other sites. Alter und Junger Gipfel) und knapp 80 km von Cusco entfernt liegt die terrassenförmige Ruinenstadt. [2][3] It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province[4] above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco. Wie alt ist Machu Picchu? [65][page needed]. "Peru to Tourists: 'Stop getting naked at Machu Picchu! Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel, located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru, on a 2,430-metre (7,970 ft) mountain ridge. However, the terraces were not perfect, as studies of the land show that there were landslides that happened during the construction of Machu Picchu. Cusco's Regional Director of Culture increased surveillance to end the practice. But what first strikes the visitor is the exquisite stonework of the city’s most elegant buildings. If you are a resident of another country or region, please select the appropriate version of Tripadvisor for your country or region in the drop-down menu. The Inca road system included a route to the Machu Picchu region. The Inca constellation Qullca, storehouse, can be viewed out the Qullqa Window at sunset during the 15th-century June Solstice, hence the window's name. [19][20]:xxxvi There is a consensus among archaeologists that Pachacutec ordered the construction of the royal estate for himself, most likely after a successful military campaign. [52], This semicircular temple is built on the same rock overlying Bingham's "Royal Mausoleum", and is similar to the Temple of the Sun found in Cusco and the Temple of the Sun found in Pisac, in having what Bingham described as a "parabolic enclosure wall". It was shown that the topsoil was probably moved from the valley floor to the terraces because it was much better than the soil higher up the mountain. Wir alle haben Machu Picchu schon hunderte mal auf Fotos gesehen und freuen uns selbst vor dieser beeindruckenden Kulisse zu stehen. [12], Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historic Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. „Ungefähr zwei Drittel des Aufwands für den Bau des Schutzgebiets betrafen den Bau von Entwässerungssystemen unter der Oberfläche“, sagt Menegat. [39][40], Although local institutions initially welcomed the exploration, they soon accused Bingham of legal and cultural malpractice. Within the temple is a 1.2 m by 2.7 m rock platform, smooth on top except for a small platform on its southwest quadrant. The terraces reduced soil erosion and protected against landslides. This explains why when studies were done on the food that the Inca ate at Machu Picchu, it was found that most of what they ate was imported from the surrounding valleys and farther afield. Can't-miss spots to dine, drink, and feast. Approximately 200 buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around an east–west central square. Excavation started in 1912 with further excavation undertaken in 1914 and 1915. In 1912, 1914 and 1915, Bingham removed thousands of artifacts from Machu Picchu—ceramic vessels, silver statues, jewelry, and human bones—and took them to Yale University for further study, supposedly for 18 months. [23] These diets are composed of varying levels of maize, potatoes, grains, legumes, and fish, but the overall most recent short-term diet for these people was composed of less fish and more corn. For example, Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway. Er schuf die Grundlagen für die Ausdehnung des mächtigen Inkareiches und führte den Kult um den Sonnengott Inti ein. Jahrhundert durch den Inka Pachacútec erbaut. Five hundred indigenous people were hired as extras in the film. Seine drei Hauptstrukturen sind der Intihuatana, der Sonnentempel und der Raum der drei Fenster. On 21 June, the stone casts the longest shadow on its southern side, and on 21 December a much shorter shadow on its northern side. [81], In January 2010, heavy rain caused flooding that buried or washed away roads and railways to Machu Picchu, trapping more than 2,000 locals and more than 2,000 tourists, later airlifted out to safety. He organized the 1911 Yale Peruvian Expedition in part to search for the Inca capital, which was thought to be the city of Vitcos. Machu Picchu is situated above a bow of the Urubamba River, which surrounds the site on three sides, where cliffs drop vertically for 450 metres (1,480 ft) to the river at their base. Für letzteres spricht nun eine Studie von Geologen um Rualdo Menegat von der Föderalen U… In the late 1990s, the Peruvian government granted concessions to allow the construction of a cable car and a luxury hotel, including a tourist complex with boutiques and restaurants and a bridge to the site. Ich erreiche Ollantaytambo auf dem Rückweg von Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu) nach Cusco. Lima, 2014, Diccionario Bilingüe, Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, Quechua – Castellano, Castellano – Quechua, "Where are the Edges of a Protected Area? Heute umfasst die archäologische Stätte zwei Sektoren mit etwa 20 Hektar Fläche. The Urubamba River flows past it, cutting through the Cordillera and creating a canyon with a tropical mountain climate.[5]. These terraces were a work of considerable engineering, built to ensure good drainage and soil fertility while also protecting the mountain itself from erosion and landslides. [97][98], 15th-century Inca citadel in the Peruvian Andes and UNESCO World Heritage Site, Inti Mach'ay and the Royal Feast of the Sun, Cultural artifacts: Dispute between Peru and Yale University, escale.minedu.gob.pe – UGEL map of the Urubamba Province (Cusco Region), sfn error: no target: CITEREFWrightValencia_Zegarra (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWrightValencia_Zegarra2001 (, Gordon, Robert and John Rutledge 1984 Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru. Both could be blocked easily, should invaders approach along them. None of Bingham's several hypotheses explaining the site held up. Dating to the mid-1400s, it's a marvel of mortar-free limestone architecture perched on a high plateau deep in the Amazonian jungle. War es nur die versteckte, nahezu uneinnehmbare Lage? [94], Multimedia artist Kimsooja used footage shot near Machu Picchu in the first episode of her film series Thread Routes, shot in 2010. It includes storage buildings and simple houses. Bingham was abiding by the 1852 Civil Code of Peru; the code stated that "archaeological finds generally belonged to the discoverer, except when they had been discovered on private land." [90] The artifacts are permanently exhibited at the Museo Machu Picchu, La Casa Concha ("The Shell House"), close to Cusco's colonial center. Back in Cusco again, Bingham asked planters about the places mentioned by Calancha, particularly along the Urubamba River. Excavation and soil analyses done by Kenneth Wright [27][28][29] in the 1990s showed that the terraces were built in layers, with a bottom layer of larger stones covered by loose gravel. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in South America, one of the most visited tourist attractions in Latin America[46] and the most visited in Peru. [59] Inti Mach'ay is located on the eastern side of Machu Picchu, just north of the "Condor Stone." So planvoll man Machu Picchu erbaut hat, so undramatisch scheint sich dessen Aufgabe vollzogen zu haben. Machu Picchu mit 2430 m hoch, das ist zwar einige 100 m weniger, aber dafür sind die körperlichen Anstrengungen, die es erfordert, durch die Ruinen zu gelangen ungleich viel fordernder. [22] Most skeletal remains found at the site had lower levels of arthritis and bone fractures than those found in most sites of the Inca Empire. Most animal bones found were from llamas and alpacas. The Monumental Mausoleum is a carved statue with a vaulted interior and carved drawings. Machu Picchu von Aliens erschaffen In Russland soll er eine uneheliche Tochter haben. One prominent artifact was a set of 15th-century, ceremonial Incan knives made from bismuth bronze; they are the earliest known artifact containing this alloy. Die Anlage mit ihren Terrassen und Tempeln liegt auf 2.430 Metern Höhe, oberhalb dem malerischen Urubambatal. Heavy rainfall required terraces and stone chips to drain rain water and prevent mudslides, landslides, erosion, and flooding. In 2006, a Cusco-based company, Helicusco, sought approval for tourist flights over Machu Picchu. The use of wheels in engineering may have been limited due to the lack of strong draft animals, combined with steep terrain and dense vegetation. [18][page needed], Animals are also suspected to have migrated to Machu Picchu as there were several bones found that were not native to the area. [36] The next day, 24 July, Arteaga led Bingham and Sergeant Carrasco across the river on a log bridge and up the Machu Picchu site. During the harsher season, staff dropped down to around a hundred servants and a few religious specialists focused on maintenance alone. The Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish conquest. Structures at Machu Picchu were built with a technique called &ldquo ashlar.” Stones are cut to fit together without mortar. The northwest edge of the rock platform points out the Solstice Window to within 2’ of the 15th century June solstice rising Sun. The royalty area a sector for the nobility, is a group of houses located in rows over a slope; the residence of the amautas (wise persons) was characterized by its reddish walls, and the zone of the ñustas (princesses) had trapezoid-shaped rooms. They lacked the chemical markers and osteological markers they would have if they had been living there their whole lives. The stonework is of ashlar quality. [70] In 2018, plans were restarted to again construct a cable car to encourage Peruvians to visit Machu Picchu and boost domestic tourism. Ruinen, Terrassen und die Gipfel der Anden: Machu Picchu, wohl im 15. Terraces were layered with stone chips, sand, dirt, and topsoil, to absorb water and prevent it from running down the mountain. At the top of the mountain, they came across a small hut occupied by a couple of Quechua, Richard and Alvarez, who were farming some of the original Machu Picchu agricultural terraces that they had cleared four years earlier. Machu Picchu lies in the southern hemisphere, 13.164 degrees south of the equator. Machu Picchu vor Pachacuteq erbaut. Spielten religiöse Aspekte eine Rolle? [25] Six dogs were also recovered from the site. Einige behaupten, dass Machu Picchu als großes Mausoleum für den Inka Pachacútec erbaut wurde, während andere den Standpunkt vertreten, dass es ein wichtiges Verwaltungs- und Landwirtschaftszentrum war, dessen Anbaugebiete dazu dienten, seine Bewohner zu ernähren. A "Serpent's Door" faces 340°, or just west of north, opening onto a series of 16 pools, and affording a view of Huayna Picchu. According to Bingham, "one old prospector said there were interesting ruins at Machu Picchu," though his statements "were given no importance by the leading citizens." The scan data is available online for research purposes. [68] As Peru's most visited tourist attraction and major revenue generator, it is continually exposed to economic and commercial forces. Die Stadt wurde Mitte des 15. For most speakers of English or Spanish, the first 'c' in Picchu is silent. Most likely, these animals were brought in from the Puna region[24] for meat consumption and for their pelts. [69], During the 1980s a large rock from Machu Picchu's central plaza was moved to a different location to create a helicopter landing zone. Although known locally, it was not known to the Spanish during the colonial period and remained unknown to the outside world until American historian Hiram Bingham brought it to international attention in 1911. [18][page needed], Studies show that according to their skeletal remains, most people who lived there were immigrants from diverse backgrounds. In English, the name is pronounced /ˌmɑːtʃuː piːtʃuː/[6][7] or /ˌmɑːtʃuː piːktʃuː/,[7][8] in Spanish as [ˈmatʃu ˈpitʃu] or [ˈmatʃu ˈpiktʃu],[9] and in Quechua (Machu Pikchu)[10] as [ˈmatʃʊ ˈpɪktʃʊ]. Sanctuary Lodge, A Belmond Hotel, Machu Picchu. During his studies, he carried various artifacts back to Yale. Unsicher ist jedoch, warum die Stadt überhaupt gebaut wurde und zu welchem Zweck, wobei zahlreiche Legenden dies zu erklären versuchen. Es hieß: Hier oben in den Bergen wähnten sie sich sicher vor feindlichen Indianern, die weiter unten im Tal lebten. Still visible are places where the terraces were shifted by landslides and then stabilized by the Inca as they continued to build around the area. [20]:137[non-primary source needed], At Mandor Pampa, Bingham asked farmer and innkeeper Melchor Arteaga if he knew of any nearby ruins. [87] In 2007, Peru and Yale had agreed on a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco advised by Yale. Since its discovery in 1911, growing numbers of tourists have visited the site each year, with numbers exceeding 1.4 million in 2017. [45] It is 80 kilometres (50 miles) northwest of Cusco, on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu, located about 2,430 metres (7,970 feet) above mean sea level, over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) lower than Cusco, which has an elevation of 3,400 metres (11,200 ft). [92], Machu Picchu was featured prominently in the film The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), a biopic based on the 1952 youthful travel memoir of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. Dem Weltverständnis der Inka entsprechend war Machu Picchu wie Cusco in eine obere und eine untere Hälfte aufgeteilt. [37] As was the case with Machu Picchu, the site was so heavily overgrown that Bingham could only note a few of the buildings. The central buildings use the classical Inca architectural style of polished dry-stone walls of regular shape. Oder waren es auch praktische Erwägungen? Rather it was used for 80 years before being abandoned, seemingly because of the Spanish Conquests in other parts of the Inca Empire. This festival was celebrated during the Incan month of Qhapaq Raymi. The hillsides leading to it were terraced, to provide more farmland to grow crops and to steepen the slopes that invaders would have to ascend. Wie sagt man so schön: Lieber etwas einmal gesehen haben, als ständig davon zu hören.. Stell sicher, dass du einen guten Guide an deiner Seite hast, der dich auf einer Rundtour durch Machu Picchu … Machu Picchu war der perfekte Ort, um weitgehend unabhängig vom Rest des Inka-Reiches leben zu können. Machu Picchu is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. This suggests that several of the immigrants were from more coastal areas and moved to Machu Picchu where corn was a larger portion of food intake. The eastern section of the city was probably residential. Machu Picchu, was in der Quechua-Sprache "Alter Berg" bedeutet, wurde tatsächlich auf der Spitze eines Berges erbaut, und es ist nicht möglich, ihn von unten zu betrachten. The resulting license was soon rescinded. Because of the vegetation, Bingham was not able to observe the full extent of the site. Guided by locals, Bingham rediscovered and correctly identified the site of the old Inca capital, Vitcos (then called Rosaspata), and the nearby temple of Chuquipalta. Wer den beschwerlichen Weg über den Inka-Trail oder den Salkantay-Trail geschafft hat und auf Machu Picchu blickt, kann nicht anders, als überwältigt zu sein. For this reason, the cave was inaccessible for much of the year. Wir erreichen Machu Picchu durch das etwa 500 Meter über der Stadt liegende Sonnentor. Warum gerade an diesem unzugänglichen Ort? [18] Construction appears to date from two great Inca rulers, Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui (1438–1471) and Túpac Inca Yupanqui (1472–1493). Das entspricht etwa einem Zehntel der Größe von Frankenberg. Safin bestreitet jedoch vehement, eine gewisse Eva Jakubovskaja gezeugt zu haben. It was used for rites or sacrifices. Die gut erhaltene Ruinenstadt in den Anden wurde im 15. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was constructed as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). [32] Some evidence indicates that the German engineer J. M. von Hassel arrived earlier. It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco. Machu Picchu ist eine Inkastadt, die von Tempeln, Plattformen und Wasserkanälen umgeben ist und auf einem Berg erbaut wurde. Though Bingham was not the first to visit the ruins, he was considered the scientific discoverer who brought Machu Picchu to international attention. Wurde die Stadt wirklich von den Inkas erbaut? Obwohl die Stadt Machu Picchu oft als “Festung” bezeichnet wird, handelt es sich nicht um eine Festung, und es gibt keine Hinweise darauf, dass sie aus militärischen Gründen jemals von den dort lebenden Zivilisationen des Altertums und des 15. [31], Over the centuries, the surrounding jungle overgrew the site, and few outside the immediate area knew of its existence. Alvarez's 11-year-old son, Pablito, led Bingham along the ridge to the main ruins. Though Machu Picchu is considered to be a "royal" estate, surprisingly, it would not have been passed down in the line of succession. This section contains the Torreón, the massive tower which may have been used as an observatory.[50]. Die Inka-Stadt Machu Picchu wurde von etwa 1450 bis 1460 auf einem Bergrücken in den Anden erbaut. (Batievsky 100)[42] ) Local press perpetuated the accusations, claiming that the excavation harmed the site and deprived local archaeologists of knowledge about their own history. Das ist die geheimnisumwobene antike Inka-Stadt, die so lange versteckt und vergessen war. [88] In November 2010, Yale agreed to return the disputed artifacts. [30] The location of the city was a military secret, and its deep precipices and steep mountains provided natural defenses. Erst 1948 baute man von Aguas Calientes aus die Carretera Hiram Bingham, eine Serpentinenstraße hinauf nach Machu Picchu. [33], In 1911 American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham traveled the region looking for the old Inca capital and was led to Machu Picchu by a villager, Melchor Arteaga. He took preliminary notes, measurements, and photographs, noting the fine quality of Inca stonework of several principal buildings. Its three primary structures are the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun, and the Room of the Three Windows. [16], Machu Picchu is believed (by Richard L. Burger) to have been built in the 1450s. These stones are arranged to point directly at the sun during the winter solstice. The Incas were masters of this technique, called ashlar, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar. Machu Picchu oder Machu Pichu ist die Sehenswürdigkeit auf Ihrer Rundreise in Peru. [18] It is possible that most of its inhabitants died from smallpox introduced by travelers before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area. Bingham found the name Agustín Lizárraga and the date 1902 written in charcoal on one of the walls. Machu Picchu wurde im klassischen Inka-Stil erbaut, mit polierten Trockenmauern. Die Stadt umfasste einst 216 Bauten aus Stein, die terrassenförmig auf rund 3000 Stufen erbaut wurden. Machu Picchu liegt 75 Kilometer nordwestlich von Cusco, dem Ausgangspunkt für einen Besuch in der berühmten Inka-Stätte. Die Stadt Machu Picchu besteht aus etwa 200 Bauten auf einem Bergplateau von mehr als 35.000 ha Fläche: Paläste, Tempel, Wohn- und Lagerhäuser. Die Ruinenstadt ist ins Abendrot der Sonne getaucht. The Guardhouse is a three-sided building, with one of its long sides opening onto the Terrace of the Ceremonial Rock. The site may have been discovered and plundered in 1867 by a German businessman, Augusto Berns. PERUline organisiert Ihre Tour nach Machu Picchu - mit dem Zug oder auf dem Inka Trail nach Machu Picchu. Maps show references to Machu Picchu as early as 1874. Hence Intihuatana is literally an instrument or place to "tie up the sun", often expressed in English as "The Hitching Post of the Sun". "Machu Picchu, seen through the eyes of Fernando Astete | Machu Picchu", "Machu Picchu Airlift Rescues 1,400 Tourists", "Machu Picchu to reopen earlier than expected after storms", "Peru's president: Yale agrees to return Incan artifacts", "Yale returns final Machu Picchu artifacts", Excerpted Clip of Machu Picchu from the film, "Artist Spotlight: Kimsooja's Threads of Culture", "Endhiran The Robot : First Indian movie to shoot at Machu Pichu", "Machu Picchu Welcomes Rajnikanth and India", "Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 1", "Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 2", "Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 3", Stories on Machu Picchu by Fernando Astete, former Chief of National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu, Time Photos – Machu Picchu: 100 Years Since Its Rediscovery, Archive of Fernando Astete, former Chief of the National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu, Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa, System of Islands, Islets and Guano Sites, Aledaño Bocatoma del Canal Nuevo Imperial, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machu_Picchu&oldid=1016715937, 15th-century establishments in the Inca civilization, Buildings and structures completed in the 15th century, 16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization, Populated places established in the 1450s, Populated places disestablished in the 16th century, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2020, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012, Articles with dead external links from August 2017, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 17:58.
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